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Oracle recommends using automatic segment management and notes that it is scalable as well as efficient when it comes to space management. The performance gains are particularly striking if the database objects have varying row sizes. Maintenance of these bitmaps will consume space, but it is less than 1 percent for most large objects.

The segment space management that you specify at tablespace creation time applies to all segments you later create in the tablespace.

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Visual C++ has some predefined macros that allow you to check the compilation model. Using these macros, it is possible to cause a compiler error when a header file is included in a source file compiled to native code, as the following code shows: #ifndef _MANAGED #error Header xyz.h requires managed compilation. #endif

By default, Oracle doesn t guarantee undo retention; the default retention time is 900 seconds (15 minutes) if you decide to guarantee undo retention.

You can specify undo guarantee for the undo tablespace when you create the database, or by specifying the RETENTION GUARANTEE clause while creating a new undo tablespace, as shown here: SQL> CREATE UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs01 2 DATAFILE 3 '/u01/orcl/oradata/undotbs01_01.dbf' 4 SIZE 10M AUTOEXTEND ON 5* RETENTION GUARANTEE; Tablespace created. SQL>

You can also use the ALTER TABLESPACE command to guarantee undo retention in your database, as shown here: SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE undotbs01 RETENTION GUARANTEE; You can use the RETENTION NOGUARANTEE clause to turn off the guaranteed retention of undo information, as shown in the following example: SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE undotbs01 RETENTION NOGUARANTEE;

else first_char=`echo $pass_word | cut -c1` the_date=`date +%y%m%d` CLOSED="*CLOSED_${the_date}*"

Caution A high value for the UNDO_RETENTION parameter doesn t guarantee the retention of undo data for the duration specified by the UNDO_RETENTION parameter. You must use the RETENTION GUARANTEE clause to guarantee undo retention for a specified time.

Let s say you ve configured guaranteed undo retention in your database by using the RETENTION GUARANTEE clause. If your undo tablespace is too small to accommodate all the active transactions that are using it, the following will happen: Oracle will issue an automatic tablespace warning alert when the undo tablespace is 85 percent full (if you haven t disabled the automatic tablespace alert feature). Oracle will also issue an automatic tablespace critical alert when the undo tablespace is 97 percent full. All DML statements will be disallowed and will receive an out-of-space error. DDL statements will continue to be allowed.

Managing undo tablespaces is similar to managing any other tablespaces in your database. You add space to an undo tablespace by adding a data file, and you decrease the size of an undo tablespace by reducing the size of the data file(s) in it with the ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE . . . RESIZE command. You drop an undo tablespace with the normal DROP TABLESPACE command. (If the undo tablespace contains any outstanding transactions, you can t drop it.) The DROP TABLESPACE command, since it removes all contents of the undo tablespace, is similar to using the DROP TABLESPACE . . . WITH CONTENTS command. If you need to switch undo tablespaces for some reason, you can drop the old one after you create a new undo tablespace.

Table 7-5 shows the different macros and their values depending on the compilation model: Table 7-5. Predefined Macros for Managed Code

Occasionally, a long-running transaction can t find the undo data it needs, and consequently fails with the well-known Oracle snapshot-too-old error. Here s an example: SQL> 2 3 4 begin purge_data_pkg.main_driver(1502,2005,'N','B','N','N'); end; /

If the account has already been locked in the following conditional statement, the echo statement reports that fact to the output file. (The logic for account-checking could be reorganized so that the same checks wouldn t have to be done multiple times; here I have broken down the cases for easier understanding, at the cost of some repeated code.)

begin * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01555: snapshot too old: rollback segment number 9 with name "_SYSSMU9$"